Download this complete HTML document as Zip File (1.68 Mb) TABLE OF CONTENTS About the Author 1. The Causes of Hunger and Malnutrition: Macro and Micro Determinants    Macro and micro causes of malnutrition    Diagnosing the causes of hunger and malnutrition    Proposing solutions    The role of ideology (4)(5)    A critical look at nutrition planning    Working with the community    References 2. Technical, Ethical and Ideological Responsibilities in Nutrition    Introduction    Science: Its political, ideological and ethical implications    The scientist as a promoter of status quo or social change    Economic power, political power and poverty    Where do liberal food and nutrition workers stand?    A critical look at our profession and ourselves    The future challenge    References 3. De-Westernizing Health Planning and Health Care Delivery: A Political...    Understanding the roots of the problem: Western medicine and its hierarchy    The participation issue    Decentralization    Steps towards de-westernization    Notes    References 4. Book Review: Susan George. A Fate Worse Than Debt: A radical new analysis... 5. Viewpoint - Ethics, Ideology and Nutrition    Ethos    Ideology    Liberals    Radicals    Political naivete?    Social consciousness    What can I do?    Tool    Establish links    References: 6. Ethics And Ideology in the Battle Against Malnutrition    How is our ethos formed?    How is ideology formed?    Liberals and radicals - a typology    How relevant is our work?    Are we politically naif?    Are we afraid of speaking-up in political terms?    Nutritionists in the third world    A new direction? - Some possible conclusions    An attempt to know who we are    References 7. The Challenge of Feeding the People: Chile under Allende and Tanzania...    Abstract    The conceptualization of malnutrition as a problem and its effects on nutrition...    The challenge of feeding the people: How it has been addressed    Nutrition intervention in Chile and Tanzania: Two perspectives of a shared...    Tanzania and Chile: A review in perspective    References 8. The Role of Health and Nutrition in Development (Le Rôle de la...    Abstract - Résumé - Resumen    The role of health and nutrition in development    Capacity of the current system to alleviate hunger and malnutrition. 9. Multidisciplinarity, Paradigms and Ideology in Development Work    Setting the focus    An attempt to define the concepts    A development paradigm?    Multidisciplinarity    The role of conceptual frameworks    Ideology    Ethos and norms    Conflicts in the terminology?    Subjectivity of the sciences    The social and the classical sciences in development work    Science and its environment - The real world around us    Does a universality and pluralism of theories exist that makes multidisciplinary...    Transcending narrow paradigms    Crisis - The battle of the paradigms    The dilemmas in choosing a new paradigm    Who are the real innovators?    Tackling the basic causes of maldevelopment    A critical look at what we do    The limits of traditional development project evaluation    “We should” - Our inherent obligations and the challenges ahead    Conclusions    Acknowledgements    References 10. Survey on Attitudes to Nutrition Planning 11. “Household Purchasing-Power Deficit” - A More Operational...    The indicator    Uses and potential abuses of the proposed indicator    Income generation    Income redistribution    Food consumption subsidies - Rationing system    Conclusions    References 12. Foreign Aid and its Role in Maintaining the Exploitation of the Agricultural...    Evidence of the exploitation: A preamble and five exhibits    Sources, uses, and sectoral distribution of foreign aid: A preamble and...    Putting it all together: A final balance sheet    Postscript    References 13. Low School Performance: Malnutrition or Cultural Deprivation? 14. Hunger and Malnutrition: Outlook for Changes in the Third World* 15. Viewpoint: Nutrition Planning - What Relevance to Hunger?    The general issues    North-South conflict    The response of the rich    Aid and funding agencies    The international bureaucracy    The basic questions    The planners and the people    Research    A third world perspective 16. Rosalia 17. The Political Economy of Ill Health and Malnutrition    The situation: The macro and micro levels.    The actors : institutions, social groups and individuals    The methods and solutions    Epilog:    References 18. Commentary - The Markets of Hunger: Questioning Food Aid (Non-Emergency/Long-Term)    Introduction    The politics of food aid: in the donor countries - in the recipient countries    Not just any kind of aid    Concluding remarks    References 19. Activism to Face World Hunger: Exploring New Needed Commitments    The problem(s) of hunger and its (their) solutions    Looking at ourselves and the other actors in the battle against hunger...    Organizing ourselves and others    Keeping our eyes open and constantly learning more about the issues at...    Speaking up! 20. The Child Survival Revolution: A Critique - or Health Still Only for...    Abstract    Background    The key questions    Do people really have choices?    A critical look at GOBI and the Child Survival Revolution    The efficacy of GOBI    The implementation of GOBI    References 21. Development Nemesis    Part One: Development and today's reality       Abstract       Introduction       Section I. Western development: Past and present          1.1. A critique of outdated development theories and praxis          1.2. Third World development as seen by the North          1.3. The oversold technological approach in Western development       Section II. Myth and reality in development ideology, paradigms and models          2.1. Ideology and development models          2.2. Paradigms and new theories          2.3. The irrelevance of current development studies          2.4. The myth of objectivity and of apoliticism          2.5. The issue of social power       Epilogue    Part Two: The actors and the future of development - The era of empowerment       Abstract       Introduction       Section III : The actors in today's development drama (Or rather farce?)          3.1. From liberals to progressives: a typology of modern-day secular missionaries...          3.2. What liberals need to - the normative dimension       Section IV: The non-actors in today's development          4.1. Issues on participation          4.2. Participation: the future       Section V: Development: The future          5.1. What is needed to overcome stale third world development policies:...    Epilogue    Biographical note 22. Looking Beyond the Doable: Resolutions for a New Development Decade 23. Egos/ Alter Egos of the Main Actors in Development Projects:    Why projects don't work    The "expert"    The consultancy's management    The donor agency officer    The civil servant    ...Anyone wants to add a profile for the NGO worker...? P.S.: 24. Positive Deviance in Child Nutrition: a Discussion    Positive deviance in context. Positive Deviance: The difference between...    Positive Deviance in situations of failure to thrive as opposed to situations...    Positive Deviance and Poverty    Gaining weight by behaving in a positively deviant manner    What is behind positive deviant attitudes?    Conclusion    References 25. The Project Approach in Development Assistance 26. Triage Management in Third World Health Ministries 27. On Behalf of the African Child: Challenges and Windows of Opportunity...    THE NINE PANELS    PANEL No. 1: The empowerment factor    PANEL No. 2: A national commitment to health and nutrition: Does everything...    PANEL No. 3 : Breaking out of the poverty cycle    PANEL No. 4 : An enhanced role for the caring of children    PANEL No. 5 : The right to know    PANEL No. 6 : The population/PHC/nutrition link    PANEL No. 7 : Never be sorry to be too late    PANEL No. 8 : Pressures imposed to address the economy: Do the people matter?    PANEL No. 9 : Other factors to reckon with in the 90s 28. The Household Entitlements Revolution or a Women-Centered Approach... 29. Brave New World: A Political Pendulum in Search of its Balance 30. Malnutrition and Income: Are We Being Misled? (A Dissenting View with...    The issue of malnutrition and income as presented in the literature:    The thesis: (A counter-argument)    What to do then?    References 31. A Path for the 1990s?: Government-Donor Partnership to Finance PHC... 32. Downsizing the Civil Service in Developing Countries: The Golden Handshake...    Introduction: Setting the empirical and conceptual scene:    Why downsize?    Why a golden handshake?    Possible new approaches and their limitations: How much to downsize?: Determining...    How to downsize?: To set preconditions or not to set    What to do with the wages saved from downsizing?    The Kenya example    The golden handshake: A grant or a loan to departing civil servants?    To give incentives or to dismiss    Other implementation issues: Alternatives on how to set up the payment...    How to redeploy public servants to the private sector?    Conclusions    References 33. The World Declaration on Nutrition and the 1992 International Conference...    Do international conferences solve world problems?    Do international declarations change the course of history?    Do international conferences overlap in their purposes?    Do international conferences bring out the best in the process of their...    Where are we left after ICN? 34. Income Generation Activities for Women, the Ninth Essential Element... 35. Some Reflections on ACC/SCN's 'How Nutrition Improves' 36. Nutritional Goals for the Mid-Nineties: A Call for Advocacy and Action 37. A. The Emerging Sustainable Development Paradigm: A Global Forum on...    A development paradigm in need of replacement    Windows of opportunity to take advantage of: (Normative aspects)    The three pillars of an emerging sustainable development paradigm:    Getting from the old to the new paradigm: The time for consolidating a...    Reevaluating the major development objectives in the late-nineties: Should...    References 37. B. Sustainable Development beyond Ethical Pronouncements: the Role...    The context    The background    What commitments are needed beyond ethics?: From the normative to the operational...    The primarily ethics-led process to sustainable development    The primarily politically-led process to sustainable development    Networking    Leadership    References 38. Foreign Aid: Giving Conditionalities a Good Name or Conditionalities:... 39. The Community Development Dilemma: when are Service Delivery, Capacity...    Service delivery    Capacity building    Advocacy    Social mobilisation 40. Development in the Mid 1990s: Reflections of an Old Socialist 41. Book Review: Questioning the solution -The politics of primary health... 42. Equity In Health and Nutrition and the Globalization of the World's... 43. A. Different Challenges in Combating Micronutrient Deficiencies and... 43. B. Micronutrient Deficiencies and Protein-Energy Malnutrition 44. Northern-Led Development: is it Selling Technical Fixes to Solve the...    The foreign aid scenario under a technical fix approach    Endnote: 45. Actions and Activism in Fostering Genuine Grassroots Participation... 46. Health, Nutrition and Sustainable Development.    The need for a more critical and visionary attitude    Endnote    Postscript    References 47. New Perspectives, Old Risks: our Need to Change and to Reconceptualize... 48. Health Sector Reform Measures: Are they Working?... And where do we... 49. On Development, the Real World, Power Games and the Ugly Faces of Greed... 50. So What... in Search of the 'Big Picture' in Development (Food for... 51. Can Significantly Greater Equity be Achieved through Targeting?: An...    Poverty, equity and social justice    Equity and health for all    Equity, structural adjustment and safety nets for the poor:    Who are the poor and how do we find them?    Equity and the public/private allocation of resources    Avenues and dead-end streets to equity    Equity and targetry (**)    Equity and participation    Equity and prepayment schemes    Equity and social security    Where to go from here? 52. Globalization, or the Fable of the Mongoose and the Snake (Fableous...    Globalization and its negative consequences:    A dearth of workable solutions?    The Equity/Equality approach    The Human Rights approach    Bolder steps are needed    Three caveats    In closing    References 53. Elements for a Nutrition Activism Course and Curriculum* 54. The Role of Human Rights in Politicizing Development Ethics, Development... 55. A Letter to the Student Erica who is Planning to Specialize in International... 56. Food for a Capitalist thought - Book Review - The Lugano Report: On... 57. Food for Finding where Your Thoughts Are - Variations on a Theme by... 58. Remembering 59. Letter to The Lancet - Draft 2 IMCI: An Initiative in Need of a New... 60. Food for Planning the Right Human Thoughts - Human Rights Based Planning:... 61. Food for an Ombudsman's Thought - On Health Sector Reform, Health and... 62. What does the New UN Human Rights Approach Bring to the Struggle of...    We live in a new age of rights    The Challenge: what changes?    The Human Rights approach: Some Iron Laws    The participation factor in Human Rights    The use of indicators in Human Rights work    The World Bank, or a position full of contradictions on how to look at...    Human Rights from the United Nations’ and the NGOs’ perspective    Writing Human Rights into law    Training in Human Rights    Some conclusions 63. Food for a Poor Thought on Health and Poverty - Health a Precious Asset,... 64. Food for a Poor Thought on Attacking Poverty - The WB’s World... 65. Human Rights or the Importance of Being Earnest: A Personal Account 66. AID and Reform in Africa: Lessons from Ten Case Studies, Final Report 67. Food for Thought About a State of Mind (2) - On Morality, Freedom,... 68. Thinking Loud - On Statistics* 69. Health and Human Rights Readers    Publisher’s preface    Prologue    Abbreviations/acronyms    Rosalia    1. Introduction    2. Human Rights or the Importance of Being Earnest: A Personal Account    3. The Sixteen Groups of Human Rights    4. Human Rights Based Planning: The New Approach    5. What Does the New UN Human Rights Approach bring to the Struggle of...    6. What Does the New UN Human Rights Approach bring to the Struggle of...    7. What Does the New UN Human Rights Approach bring to the Struggle of...    8. What Does the New UN Human Rights Approach bring to the Struggle of...    9. The Role of Human Rights in Politicizing Development Ethics, Development...    10. The Role of Human Rights in Politicizing Development Ethics, Development...    11. The Role of Human Rights in Politicizing Development Ethics, Development...    12. The Role of Human Rights in Politicizing Development Ethics, Development...    13. On the Role of the State, the UN and Civil Society    14. Health, Human Rights and Donors    15. Arguments in Favor of an Empowering Community Capacity Building in...    16. Short Discussion Topics    17. Elements for a Human Rights Activists Course and Curriculum    18. Some Pearls of Wisdom about Health Care Financing    19. Health Sector Reform and the Unmet Needs of the Poor: A Critique    20. On Development, the Real World, Power Games and the Ugly Faces of Greed    21. On Morality, Freedom, Choices, Justice and the Need for People’s...    22. Variations on a Theme by the Chilean Writer Isabel Allende    23. On Statistics    24. Food for NGOs Thoughts    25. Food for Donors Thoughts    26. Caveat Emptor: A Participatory Approach is not a Human Rights Approach!    27. Development And Rights: The Undeniable Nexus    28. On the Role of the State, the UN and Civil Society    29. On Vulnerability, Access and Discrimination    30. Potpourri    31. Human Rights and South-South Cooperation    32. A Call for Substance and Networking    33. Human Rights are Very Much on the Agenda of Development Work    34. Rights are Guaranteed Entitlements: Right?    35. ‘Charity is Obscene from a Human Rights Perspective’    36. Perspectives on Human Rights: Furthering the Debate    37. Putting Equity and Human Rights in Health on the Agenda: The Role of...    38. Putting Equity and Human Rights in Health on the Agenda: The Role of...    39. Social Exclusion and Human Rights    40. Beyond Capacity Analysis: Additional Elements of a Human Rights-Based...    41. Beyond Capacity Analysis: Additional Elements of a Human Rights-Based...    42. On Capacity Building Needs: The Macro Issues in Human Rights    43. The Ideological Neutrality of Human Rights is its Greatest Strength,...    44. An Introduction to Children’s Rights    45. Globalization, Health Rights and Health Sector Reform: Implication...    46. Stepping into the New Age of the Right to Adequate Nutrition: Snail...    47. Stepping into the New Age of the Right to Adequate Nutrition: Snail...    48. A Case of Logic - The Human Rights Advocacy Syllogism    49. The Difference Between Project and Process is Ownership. Human Rights...    50. NGOs should not be Human Rights Blind and should be Judged by their...    51. The Need to Struggle is Actually a Built-In Principle of Human Rights...    52. The Law is the Law...and Human Rights are not yet the Law    53. Human Rights are Universal, but the Risk of Having One’s Rights...    54. Some Well Known and Some Less Well Known Aspects of Human Rights Work    55. Human Rights Violations are Part of a Social Disease with Historical...    56. Objectivity in the Analytical Stages of the Planning Process is Nothing...    57. We Have to Learn to Look at Totalities, Rather Than at Fragments of...    58. It is through Ideology that Society Ultimately Explains Itself. (Part...    59. Social and Economic Injustice are not an Accident. (Part 5 of 16)    60. As Human Rights Activists we are too often Committed to Stability as...    61. Projects Dreamed Up in a Social Vacuum Must Play Themselves out in...    62. The Political Imperative in Human Rights Work. (Part 8 of 16)    63. Many Among us Think that Politics is Dirty or not a Virtuous Activity....    64. Passivity Makes us Accomplices of the Status-Quo. Many of us, with...    65. So, What Have We Achieved in the Last Few Years? Have We Been Using...    66. A Dead-End Option (Part 12 of 16)    67. Why are We so often Conciliatory when We should be Confrontational?...    68. Some Aspects of the Politics of Women’s Rights and the Politics...    69. A Basis to Develop a New Vision for the Future. (Part 15 of 16)    70. A Basis to Develop a New Praxis for the Future (Part 16 of 16)    71. Remember?: Rights Mean not only Having a Right to Something, but also...    72. The Poor and Marginalized themselves will have to Ultimately Address...    73. Recapitulating: the Eight Major Differences between the Basic Needs...    74. Five Decades of Development Assistance have Cost the World over 1 Trillion...    75. More on Human Rights Workers as Activists    76. Why Power only Yields to Counter-Power    77. More on Leadership    78. We Have Declared War on Poverty and Poverty has Won. (President Lyndon...    79. Human Rights and the "Weapons of Mass Deception"    80. Asserting and Affirming Human Rights is as Conflict-Prone as it is...    81. On NGOs and the Rights of Winners and Losers    82. Trade, Governance and Human Rights    83. Human Rights and the Growing ‘GAP’    84. Development = Substantial and Steady Advancement in the Realization...    85. Activism, Profession, Compassion and Political Solidarity    86. Does Improving the Provision of Services Empower Poor People, or is...    87. Excuse the Redundancy, but the Poor are a Majority: How does this Make...    88. ‘Behind Human Rights are Freedoms and Needs so Fundamental that...    89. Unfortunately, Human (People’s) Rights Violations do not Call...    90. Human Rights Principles: What They Mean in Practice    91. The Human Rights Discourse in Health. (Part 1 of 2)    92. The Human Rights Discourse in Health. (Part 2 of 2)    93. The Rise of Rights    94. A Characterization of the Current Stage of Human Rights Work    95. Two non-actors in Human Rights    96. On the Human Rights discourse and ‘what one-is and is-not’    97. Succeed, We Ultimately Must! If Not, Human Rights will be Relegated...    98. A Primer for a National Action Plan to Operationalise the Right to...    99. A Primer for a National Action Plan to Operationalise the Right to...    100. A Primer for a National Action Plan to Operationalise the Right to...    101. NGOs: A network of protagonists (and denouncers of the slow progress...    102. More on Poverty and Human Rights    103. People who file claims to secure their right to health and adequate...    104. How aggressively should governments be put under pressure in the struggle...    105. Is there such a thing as a fair and human-rights-sensitive (Capitalist)...    106. Feeling helpless or lost (or being used) in your work?: Adopt the...    107. Always check if the Government is ‘putting its money where its...    108. Always check if the Government is ‘putting its money where its...    109. Glossary of Human Rights Terms    110. If I accept the responsibility that I should act, and I have the authority...    111. Before I start this poem    112. The Sachs Macroeconomics and Health Report: Investing in health for...    112. The Sachs Macroeconomics and Health Report: Investing in health for...    112. The Sachs Macroeconomics and Health Report: Investing in health for...    112. The Human Rights Discourse in Health (19 key statements)    115. It will be via Poverty Alleviation Programs that Human Rights will...    116. Poverty does not persist solely because of incompetent, corrupt governments...    117. It is on the basis of a broken social contract and of global injustice...    118. Would you consider yourself to be (at least part-time) a health and...    119. In human rights work, our legitimacy and authority are only as strong...    120. On foreign aid, corruption, democracy and development: implications...    121. Human rights in the era of neoliberal global restructuring    122. Using the millennium agenda as a reference point implies side-lining...    122. A rights-based approach to the MDGS    123. People have rights even without any specific legislation saying so    124. Human rights and the World Trade Organization    125. Being a human rights activist is not an illusion one should lose at...    126. MDGs are to (eventually) end extreme poverty, not most poverty; so,...    127. Yesterday’s future has arrived: The Post-Washington consensus...    128. Yesterday’s future has arrived: The Post-Washington consensus...    129. The rights-based approach fundamentally changes the nature of state-society...    130. How we, HR activists, are duped: just a few examples    131. Some questions with human rights implications that are seldom asked 70. Aiming at the Target: What’s Left for the Devil to Advocate?    The big hype    The outcome-process riddle    Being realistic    On convergence    The Human Rights twist    The equity factor    On accusations of dependency and top-down implementation    Donors (and we ourselves) touch some projects more than others    The poverty alleviation connection: 71. ‘Elemental Watson’: The Health Sector Reform’s faulty... 72. Putting Equity and Human Rights in Health on the Agenda: The Role of...    Introduction    The background    The concept of Human Rights in health and why it is used    Experiences from some NGOs already using the Equity/Human Rights approach    Practical ways for NGOs to adopt the Equity/Human Rights focus in their...    References    Acknowledgements 73. Money is Tinted by the Colour from where it comes from or Children... 74. Some Pearls of Wisdom about Health care Financing 75. Beyond Capacity Analysis: Additional Elements of a Human Rights-based... 76. Stepping into the New Age of the Right to Adequate Nutrition: Snail...    The Situation    The Challenge: what now has to change    The Right to adequate Nutrition    The key issues to fight for 77. Poverty Reduction and National Budgets 78. Missing 79. Optional Health Care Financing Mechanisms for third World Countries:...    I. Introduction    II. A sorry diagnosis?    III. Fee for service-financed health care    IV. Medicines: How much of a culprit?    V. A basket of potential solutions?    VI. ‘Righting the wrong’ in the obsolete geographic allocation...    VII. And the winner is...Community-based health insurance (CBHI) 80. The Peoples Health Movement: A People’s Campaign for Health for...    Background    The first People’s Health Assembly    The People’s Charter for Health    Significant Gains made by the People’s Health Movement    Conclusion 81. Towards the Millennium Development Goals: Yes, but... 82. Book Review: Dignity Counts: A Guide to Using Budget Analysis to Advance... 83. The Human Rights Discourse in Health    A. Meaning of the human rights discourse in health    B. How to strengthen the HR-based approach in our work in health: 84. Food and Nutrition 2005: The Human Rights Perspective 85. A True Jewel in the Annals of Social Medicine: Young Allende’s... 86. Replaced by another version. A Primer for a National Action Plan to...    Objectives for a national action plan    Specific actions under the Action Plan 87. Is the Gap in Policy Processes towards better Food Security and Nutrition... 88. Our Role as Nutritionists in the Call by the World Bank to Put Nutrition...